On the energy storage front: Structural batteries, capacitors with ultra-high energy density
The high interest in more economical energy storage these days yields a continual stream of news about advances in battery chemistry. Here are a couple recent developments of particular note:
Capacitors with a high energy density — Capacitors generally have low energy densities relative to batteries or fuel cells. Researchers at the Dept. of Energy’s (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) aim to improve things through use of a so-called relaxor ferroelectric, basically a ceramic material. Applying an electric field changes in the orientation of the electrons in the material and also drives a change in the energy stored. The problem is in optimizing the material so it can charge to high voltages and discharge rapidly without sustaining damage.
(A and B) Bipolar (A) and unipolar (B) hysteresis loops at moderate and maximum E measured at 10 kHz. (C) Energy density and efficiency calculated from unipolar hysteresis loops. Click image to enlarge.
As described in a Science Magazine article, researchers looked two key parameters, discharged-energy density and efficiency which is a function of the energy dissipated as a result of leakage or charge/discharge hysteresis. Dielectric capacitors need a large change in polarization during discharge and a large breakdown electric field to maximize these parameters and unfortunately, these two characteristics are usually inversely correlated. But the researchers think a new strategy based on ion bombardment that creates intrinsic point defects in epitaxial films of a relaxor ferroelectric called lead magnesium niobite-lead titanate (0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3) can simultaneously enhance both switchable polarization and the breakdown level. Researchers say films treated this way display ultrahigh energy densities exceeding 130 J/cm3 with efficiencies exceeding 75% that works for more than 108 charge/discharge cycles.
The results are interesting because defects are generally blamed for high leakage currents, aging, and other negative effects. But defects produced by ion bombardment can create intrinsic point defects and defect dipoles which can improve ferroelectric/electrical properties. The defects trap the material’s electrons, preventing their motion and reducing film conductivity by orders of magnitude, thus making them better insulators and making relaxor ferroelectrics withstand bigger voltages and electric fields before they catastrophically fail.
The ion bombardment took place at the Ion-Beam Analysis Facility at Berkeley Lab. There helium ions were used to knock target ions from their sites to create point defects. Measurements showed that the ion-bombarded film had more than twice the energy storage density of previously reported values and 50% higher efficiencies.
Researchers figure the same ion beam approach could also improve other dielectric materials to improve energy storage.
Enclosures that store energy — Researchers at the University of Michigan have figured out a way to get material making up common enclosures and structural elements to do double duty and serve as a battery.
One of the toy robots incorporating the zinc-air shell batteries. Click image to enlarge.
The battery is basically zinc-air. As described in an article recently published in the Journal Science Robotics, researchers pass hydroxide ions between a zinc electrode and air through an electrolyte membrane. That membrane is partly a network of aramid nanofibers, as found in Kevlar vests, and a new water-based polymer gel which helps shuttle the hydroxide ions between the electrodes. The gel and aramid nanofibers won’t catch fire if the battery is damaged. Moreover, the aramid nanofibers could be upcycled from retired body armor.
The anatomy of U of M’s zinc-air battery.
To demonstrate the concept, researchers equipped toy robots with outer shells made from the battery material.
A problem yet to be solved is that the zinc batteries only maintain high capacity for about 100 cycles. As in other battery technologies, the zinc metal eventually forms spikes that pierce the membrane between the electrodes. ON the other hand, the strong aramid nanofiber network between the electrodes may hold the key to a relatively long cycle life, researchers say. And the inexpensive and recyclable materials make the batteries easy to replace.
